What is necessary on the target computer to run the compiled Electron application?
Seems I figured it out. Just the directory structure is a bit confusing. When compiling, the output directory
\TMSWeb\Build-Win64[Applikationname]-win32-x64
is created. This folder contains all necessary files for starting the Applikation on the target computer. (In this case an old Windows 7 system)
What are the files in
\TMSWeb\Build-Win64\
good for, and do I have to install node.js on the target computer?
No, node.js is not needed on the target computer.